Public Health Agency of Canada
Symbol of the Government of Canada

Share this page

Special Report on Maternal Mortality and Severe Morbidity in Canada Enhanced Surveillance: The Path to Prevention

References

  1. World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund. Revised 1990 estimates of maternal mortality: a new approach by WHO and UNICEF. WHO/FRH/MSM/96.11. Geneva: WHO, April 1996.
  2. AbouZahr C, Wardlaw T. Maternal mortality in 2000: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPAnew window [monograph on the Internet; cited 2003 Dec 2]. 2003.
    .
  3. World Health Organization. Millennium Development Goals - Indicators PDF [homepage on the Internet; cited 2004 Feb 16]. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
  4. Turner LA, Cyr M, Kinch RAH, Liston R, Kramer MS, Fair M, Heaman M. Underreporting of maternal mortality in Canada: a question of definition. Chronic Dis Can 2002;23(1):22-30.
  5. Chang J, Elam-Evans LD, Berg CJ, Herndon J, Flowers L, Seed KA, Syverson CJ. Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance - United States, 1991-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003;52(2):1-8.
  6. Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland.
    Why Mothers Die. Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, 1997-1999. London: The Stationary Office, 2001.
  7. SafeMotherhood.org. [ homepage on the Internet; cited 2004 Feb 11]. 2002.
  8. Australia Institute of Health and Welfare. Report on Maternal Deaths in Australia, 1994-96. AIHW Cat. No. PER 13. Canberra: Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, 2001.
  9. Ellerbrook TV, Atrash HK, Hogue CJR, Smith JC. Pregnancy mortality surveillance: a new initiative. Contemp Ob Gyn 1998;31:23-34.
  10. Baskett TF, Sternadel J. Maternal intensive care and near-miss mortality. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105(9):981-4.
  11. Mantel GD, Buchmann E, Rees H, Pattinson RC. Severe acute maternal morbidity: a pilot study of a definition for a near-miss. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105(9):985-90.
  12. Drife JO. Maternal “near miss” reports? BMJ 1993;307(6912):1087-8.
  13. Health Canada. Canadian Perinatal Health Report, 2003. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2003.
  14. Turner LA, Kramer MS, Liu S. Cause-specific mortality during and after pregnancy and the definition of maternal death. Chronic Dis Can 2002;23(1):31-6.
  15. Liu S, Heaman M, Kramer MS, Demissie K, Wen SW, Marcoux S. Length of hospital stay, obstetric conditions at childbirth, and maternal readmission: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(3):681-7.
  16. Wen SW, Rusen ID, Walker M, Liston R, Kramer MS, Baskett T, Heaman M, Liu S. Comparison of maternal mortality and morbidity between trial of labour and elective cesarean section among women with previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 (in press).
  17. World Health Organization. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, 9th Revision, Vol. 1. Geneva: WHO, 1977.
  18. World Health Organization. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, 10th Revision, Vol. 1. Geneva: WHO, 1993.
  19. Harper MA, Byington RP, Espeland MA, Naughton M, Meyer R, Lane K. Pregnancy-related death and health care services. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:273-8.
  20. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in Obstetrics. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines for Obstetrics, Number 95. Ottawa: SOGC, 2000.
  21. Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1877-90.
  22. Global Health Council. Making childbirth safer through promoting evidence-based care PDF [monograph on the Internet; cited 2004 Feb 11].
    Washington: Global Health Council, 2002.
  23. Bagg W, Henley PG, Macpherson P, Cundy TF. Pregnancy in women with diabetes and ischemic heart disease. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol
    1999;39(1):99-102.
  24. Pearlman MD, Klinich KD, Schneider LW, Rupp J, Moss S, Ashton-Miller J. A comprehensive program to improve safety for pregnant women and fetuses in motor vehicle crashes: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182(6):1554-64.
  25. Johnson HC, Pring DW. Car seatbelts in pregnancy: the practice and knowledge of pregnant women remain causes for concern. BJOG 2000;107(5):644-7.
  26. Tyroch AH, Kaups KL, Rohan J, Song S, Beingesser K. Pregnant women and car restraints: beliefs and practices. J Trauma 1999;46(2):241-5.
  27. Transport Canada. Keep kids safe: car time 1-2-3-4 [ homepage on the Internet; cited 2004 Feb 20]. Ottawa: Transport Canada, 2004.
  28. Lee W, O'Connell CM, Baskett TF. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of eclampsia: Nova Scotia, 1981-2000. J Obstet Gynaecol Can
    2004;26:119-23.
  29. Kieser KE, Baskett TF. A 10-year population-based study of uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:749-53.
  30. Hall MH, Bewley S. Maternal mortality and mode of delivery. Lancet 1999;354:776.
  31. Wen SW, Demissie K, Yang Q, Walker M. Maternal morbidity and obstetric complications in triplets or higher order multiples. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 (in press).
  32. Liu S, Semenciw R, Mao Y. Have diagnostic practices contributed to trends in leukemia incidence and mortality among Canadians?
    Cancer Prev Control 1999;3:202-6.
  33. Huston P, Naylor CD. Health services research: reporting on studies using secondary data sources. CMAJ 1996;155:1697-702.
  34. Davies S. Amniotic fluid embolus: a review of the literature. Can J Anaesth 2001;48(1):88-98.

Appendix A.

Maternal Death Data Collection Tool

Date of form completion:

Province:

A. Background Information

  1. Date of death
  2. Date of birth
  3. Age (in years)
  4. Cause of death
    (as determined by coroner/review committee where applicable/all sections on death certificate where available)
  5. ICD-9 code
  6. Was this a coroner's case
  7. Was an autopsy performed
  8. Gestation at time of death or termination of pregnancy
  9. Was gestation confirmed by ultrasound
  10. a) For deaths < 24 weeks' gestation: still pregnant
    • miscarriage/abortion/mole
    • ectopic
    • b) For deaths 24 weeks' gestation or later: ante-partum
    • intra-partum
    • post-partum < 42 days
    • post-partum
  11. Place of death (hospital, home, other)
  12. Deceased marital status
  13. Deceased place of birth
  14. Immigration status
  15. Ethnicity
  16. Language
  17. Deceased occupation
  18. Details of drug/alcohol/tobacco use
  19. Relevant personal/social history/circumstances

B. Reproductive/Medical History

  1. Contraceptive history (where available)
  2. History of infertility (where available)
  3. Previous pregnancies
    (dates, gestation, birthweight, complications, delivery methods, other relevant details)
  4. Past medical/surgical history

C. Current Pregnancy

  1. LNMP
  2. Ultrasound confirmation (if yes, at what gestational age)
  3. Record of antenatal care
  4. Specific comments of antenatal care

For deaths from miscarriage or termination of pregnancy

  1. Date of miscarriage or TOP
  2. a) Miscarriage (complete, incomplete, missed abortion, hydatidiform mole)
    b) TOP (legal, other)
  3. Location of death (home, hospital, other)

For deaths from ectopic pregnancy

  1. Did the woman know she was pregnant
  2. Was pregnancy confirmed by MD, midwife
  3. Was diagnosis confirmed by ultrasound
  4. Location of death
  5. Medical personnel attending
  6. Details of events leading to death, including operation, ICU

For deaths occurring before labour, other than ectopic or abortion

  1. Cause of death
  2. Summary of events

For deaths during labour and delivery

  1. Date of delivery
  2. Gestation at delivery
  3. Admission to hospital (date and time)
  4. Admission to delivery suite (date and time)
  5. Onset of labour (date and time)
  6. Place of delivery
  7. Transfer in labour
  8. Attendance during labour/delivery
  9. Duration of labour by stage (hours and minutes)
  10. Was labour spontaneous/induced (details of method, drug, dosages and times)
  11. Mode of delivery
  12. If assisted, method
  13. Other relevant comments, including difficulty or delay in obtaining services/products, abnormalities arising out of labour, and indications for operative delivery

For cesarean section

  1. Type
  2. Medical staff
  3. Describe operation and any difficulties encountered

Third stage

  1. Estimated primary blood loss
  2. Laceration/episiotomy/repair
  3. Method of delivery of placenta
  4. Membranes and placenta complete
  5. Other comments on placenta
  6. IV infusions required
  7. Oxytocic drugs used during/after third stage
  8. Other comments on third stage

Baby/babies

  1. Birthweight
  2. Gestational age at birth
  3. Male/female
  4. If live birth, outcome -- asphyxia, death, transferred to ICU
  5. If stillbirth, during/before labour
  6. Autopsy findings on infant (where available)

Puerperium

  1. Date of discharge
  2. Time after termination of pregnancy (days/hours)
  3. Details of any puerperal complications
  4. Relevant laboratory findings, i.e., Hgb
  5. Blood transfusion
  6. Transfer to ICU
  7. Readmission
  8. Details of readmission (days after delivery, reasons)

D. Specific Categories of Death

Deaths from other medical or surgical conditions

  1. Specific disorder
  2. Pre-date pregnancy (age at onset and previous treatment)
  3. Special care during pregnancy
  4. Summary of events leading to death

Deaths from thromboembolism

  1. Diagnosis date (gestation or time post-partum)
  2. Site of thrombosis
  3. Site of embolism
  4. Past history of thromboembolism
  5. Family history of thromboembolism
  6. Risk factors
  7. Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy or delivery
  8. Summary of events leading to death

E. Psychiatric and Social Services

  1. History of problem
  2. Summary of events leading to death
  3. Mental health/social services provided before, during and after pregnancy
  4. If suicide, post-natal depression, puerperal psychosis, relapse or recurrence of mental illness

[ Previous ] [Next ]