Public Health Agency of Canada
Symbol of the Government of Canada

Share this page

Quality of Life Measurement Among Persons with Chronic Mental Illness: A Critique of Measures and Methods

Next | Previous | Table of Contents

References

Aaronson, N. K., Acquardro, C., Alonson, J., Apolone, G., Bucquet, D., Bullinger, M., Bungay, K., Fukuhara, S., Gandek, B., Keller, S., Razavi, D., Sanson-Fisher, R., Sullivan, M., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Wagner, A. & Ware, J. E. Jr. (1992). International quality of life assessment (IQOLA) project. Quality of Life Research, 1, 349-351.

Abraham, I.L. (1992). Longitudinal reliability of the life satisfaction index with nursing home residents: A cautionary note. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75, 665-666.

Aiken, L.R. (1991). Psychological Testing and Assessment. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

American Psychological Association. (1974). Standards for educational and psychological tests. Washington, D.C.

Anderson, L.R. & Malikois-Loizos, M. (1992). Reliability data for a Greek translation of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: comparison with data from the USA. Psychological Reports, 71, 665-666.

Andrews, F. M. & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York : Plenum.

Arns, P. G. & Linney, J. A. (1995). Relating functional skills of severely mentally ill clients to subjective and societal benefits. Psychiatric Services, 46, 260-265.

Atkinson, M., Zibin, S. & Chuang, H. (1996). Characterising quality of life among the chronically mentally ill: A critical examination of the self-report methodology. American Journal of Psychiatry (in press).

Awad, A. G. & Hogan, T. P. (1994). Subjective response to neuroleptics and the quality of life: Implications for treatment outcome. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 89 (suppl 380), 27-32.

Bassett, S. S., Magaziner, J. & Hebel, J. R. (1990). Reliability of proxy response on mental health indices for aged, community-dwelling women. Psychology and Ageing, 5, 127-132.

Becker, M., Diamond, R. & Sainfort, F. (1993). A new patient-focused index for measuring quality of life in persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Quality of Life Research, 2, 239-251.

Bergner, M., Bobbitt, R.A., Carter, W.B. & Gilson, B.S. (1981). The Sickness Impact Profile: Development and final revision of a health status measure. Medical Care, 19, 787-805.

Bigelow, D.A., Gareau, M.J. & Young, D.J. (1990). A quality of life interview. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 14, 94-98.

Bigelow, D.A., McFarland, B.H. & Olson, M.M. (1991). Quality of life of community mental health program clients: Validating a measure. Community Mental Health Journal, 27, 43-55.

Bigelow, D.A. & Young, D.J. (1991). Effectiveness of a case management program. Community Mental Health Journal, 27, 115-123.

Binner, P. R. (1993). Information systems and mental health services: Issues for the 90's. Health Care/Mental Health, 47-57.

Bridges, K., Gage, A., Oliver, J., Ewert, C., Kershaw, A. & Wood, L. (1993). Changes in social support and quality of life: A case study of a man with an enduring psychotic illness. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 39, 142-151.

Brooks, W. B., Jordan, J. S., Divine, G. W., Smith, K. S. & Neelon, F.A. (1990). The impact of psychological factors on measurement of functional status. Medical Care, 28, 793-804.

Browne, J.P., O'Boyle, C.A., McGee, H.M., Joyce, C.R.B., McDonald, N.J., O'Malley, K.O. & Hiltbrunner, B. (1994). Individual quality of life in the healthy elderly. Quality of Life Research, 3, 235-244.

Buchanan, R. W., Holstein, C. & Breier, A. (1994). The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 717-725.

Campbell, D. (1996). Quality of life, care in the community, and cost-benefit analysis:What have they to tell one another? Canadian Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and the Schizophrenia Society of Canada Symposium contribution to the 4th International Conference on Schizophrenia: Breaking Down the Barriers (Vancouver, October).

Canadian Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia (1994). A national strategy for research on schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 19 (supplement 1, November).

Canadian Mental Health Association (1993). A New Framework for Support for People with Serious Mental Health Problems. Toronto: Canadian Mental Health Association.

Coen, R., O'Mahoney, D., O'Boyle, C., Joyce, C.R.B., Hiltbrunner, B., Walsh, J.B. & Coakley, D. (1993). Measuring the quality of life of dementia patients using the schedule for the evaluation of individual quality of life. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 14, 154-163.

Conger, J. (1995). Review of the Life Experiences Checklist. The Twelfth Mental Measurements Yearbook, Nebraska : The University of Nebraska Press.

Corten, P., Mercier, C. & Pelc, I. (1994). "Subjective quality of life": clinical model for assessment of rehabilitation treatment in psychiatry. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 29, 178-180.

Costain, K., Hewison, J. & Howes, M. (1993). Comparison of a function-based model and a meaning-based model of quality of life in oncology: Multidimensionality examined. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 11, 17-37.

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.

Cummins, R.A. (1991). The comprehensive quality of life scale - intellectual disability: An instrument under development. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 17, 259-264.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.

Dossa, P. A. (1989). Quality of life: Individualism or holism? A critical review of the literature. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 12, 121-136.

Draine, J. & Solomon, P. (1993). Comparison of seriously mentally ill case management clients with and without arrest histories. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, Fall, 335-349.

Duquette, R.L., Dupuis, G. & Perrault, J. (1994). A new approach for quality of life assessment in cardiac patients: Rationale and validation of the quality of life systemic inventory. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 10, 106-112.

Endicott, J., Nee, J., Harrison, W. & Blumenthal, R. (1993). Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 29, 321- 326.

Fisher, D.C., Lake, K.D., Reutzel, T.J. & Emery, R.W. (1995). Changes in health-related quality of life and depression in heart transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 14, 373-381.

Frisch, M.B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M. & Retzlaff, B.J. (1992). Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory: A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment, 4, 92-101.

Gater, R. A., Kind, P. & Gudex, C. (1995). Quality of life in liaison psychiatry: A comparison of patient and clinician assessment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 515-520.

Goldberg, D. (1978). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor : NFER.

Goodinson, S. M. & Singleton, J. (1989). Quality of life: A critical review of current concepts, measures and their clinical implications. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 26, 327-341.

Guba, E.G. & Lincoln, Y.S. (1989). Effective Evaluation. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.

Gudex, C. & Kind, P. (1988). The QALY Toolkit. University of York Centre for Health Economics: Discussion Paper #38.

Haneastad, B. R. (1990). Errors of measurement affecting reliability and validity of data acquired from self-assessed Quality of Life. Scandinavian Journal of the Caring Sciences, 4, 29-34.

Harner, C.J. & Heal, L.W. (1993). The Multifaceted Lifestyle Satisfaction Scale: Psychometric properties of an interview schedule for assessing personal satisfaction of adults with limited intelligence. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14, 221- 236.

Hays, R.D., Sherbourne, C.D. & Mazel, R.M. (1993). The Rand 36 item health survey 1.0. Health Economics, 2, 217-227.

Headey, B., Kelley, J. & Wearing, A. (1993). Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety and depression. Social Indicators Research, 29, 63-82.

Headey, B., Veenhoven, R. & Wearing, A. (1991). Top down versus bottom up theories of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24, 81-100.

Health Canada. (1994a). Quality Care and Outcome Indicators in the Mental Health Field: A Guide to the Literature. Report prepared by T. de Bruyn for the Mental Health Division, Health Services Directorate, Health Programs and Services Branch, Health Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.

Health Canada. (1994b). Evaluation of Programs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Health Economic Perspective. Prepared by R. Goeree for Mental Health Division, Health Services Directorate, Health Programs and Services Branch, Health Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.

Health Canada. (1995). A Discussion Paper on the Quality of Life for Persons with Severe Mental Illness: A Guide to the Literature. Unpublished report prepared by C. Brooks for the Mental Health Division, Health Services Directorate, Health Programs and Services Branch, Health Canada.

Health Canada. (1996a). Evaluation of Programs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Part II - A Review of Selected Programs in Canada. Prepared by R. Goeree for the Mental Health Unit, Systems for Health Directorate, Health Promotion and Programs Branch, Health Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.

Health Canada (1996b). Best Practices in Mental Health Reform: Request for Proposals (unpublished), April 19.

Heinrichs, D.W., Hanlon, T.E. & Carpenter, W.T. (1984). The quality of life scale: An instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 388-398.

Hennessy, C. H., Moriarty, D. G., Zack, M. M., Scherr, P. A. & Brackbill, R. (1994). Measuring health-related quality of life for public health surveillance. Public Health Reports, 109, 665-672.

Holcomb, W.R., Morgan, P., Adams, N.A., Ponder, H. & Farrel, M. (1993). Development of a structured interview scale for measuring quality of life of the severely mentally ill. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 830-840.

Hunt, S.M. & McKenna, S.P. (1992). The QLDS: A scale for the measurement of quality of life in depression. Health Policy, 22, 307-319.

Jenkins, C.D. (1992). Assessment of outcomes of health intervention. Social Science in Medicine, 35, 367-375.

Jenkins, R. (1990). Towards a system of outcome indicators for mental health care. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 500-514.

Kaplan, R. M. & Anderson, J. P. (1990). The general health policy model: An integrated approach. In Spilker, B. (ed), Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials. New York : Raven, pp. 131-149.

Kaplan, R. M., Bush, J. W. & Berry, C. C. (1976). Health status: Types of validity for an index of well-being. Health Service Research, 11, 478-507.

Kaplan, R.M., McCutchan, J.A., Atkinson, J.H. & Grant, I. (1995). Validity of the quality of well-being scale for persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 138-147.

Katsching, H. & Konieczna, T. (1989). What works in work with relatives? - A hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (suppl. 5), 144-150.

Kind, P. & Gudex, C. M. (1994). Measuring health status in the community: A comparison of methods. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 48, 86-91.

Lamb, H. R., Goldfinger, S. M., Greenfeld, D., Minkoff, K., Nemiah, J. C., Schwab, J. J., Talbott, J. A.,Tasman, A. & Bachrach, L. (1993). Ensuring services for persons with chronic mental illness under national health care reform. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 545-546.

Lamping, D.L. (1994). Methods for measuring outcomes to evaluate interventions to improve health-related quality of life in HIV infection. Psychology and Health, 9, 31- 49.

Lehman, A.F. (1983). The well-being of chronic mental patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 369-373.

Lehman, A.F. (1988). A quality of life interview for the chronically mentally ill. Evaluation and Program Planning, 11, 51-62.

Lehman, A.F., Postrado, L.T. & Rachuba, L.T. (1993). Convergent validity of quality of life assessments for persons with severe mental illnesses. Quality of Life Research, 2, 327-333.

Lehman, A.F., Slaughter, J.G. & Myers, C.P. (1991). Quality of life in alternative residential settings. Psychiatric Quarterly, 62, 35-49.

Lord, J. (1989). The potential of consumer participation: Sources of understanding. Canada's Mental Health, 37 (2), 15-17.

Lubeck, D. P. (1991). Health care economics and policy (review). Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 3, 286-290.

Magaziner, J., Simonsick, E.M., Kashner, T.M. & Hebel, J.R. (1988). Patient-proxy response comparability on measures of patient health and functional status. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 41, 1065-1074.

Malikois-Loizos, M. & Anderson, L.R. (1994). Reliability of a Greek translation of the life satisfaction index. Psychological Reports, 74, 1319-1322.

Mapper, T.A. & Zembatu, J.S. (1986). Biomedical Ethics (2nd Ed) New York: McGraw Hill Bodey, 240-263.

Marks, I. (1995). Rapid audit of clinical outcome and cost by computer. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 32-37.

McCulloch, B.J. (1992). Gender and race: An interaction affecting the replicability of well- being across groups. Women & Health, 19, 65-89.

McGee, H.M., O'Boyle, C.A., Hickey, A., O'Malley, & Joyce, C.R.B. (1991). Assessing the quality of life of the individual: The SEIQoL with a healthy and a gastroenterology unit population. Psychological Medicine, 21, 749-759.

McHorney, C.A., Ware, J.E. & Raczek, A.E. (1993). The MOS 36 item Short Form Health Survey: Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247-263.

McKenna, S.P. & Hunt, S.M. (1992). A new measure of quality of life in depression: Testing the reliability and construct validity of the QLDS. Health Policy, 22, 321-330.

McNair, D.M., Lorr, M. & Drappleman, L.F. (1980). Profile of Mood States Manual (POMS). San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Services.

McPheeters, H. L. (1984). Statewide mental health outcome evaluation: A perspective of two southern states. Comunity Mental Health Journal, 20, 44-55.

Mechanic, D., McAlpine, D., Rosenfield, S. & Davis, D. (1994). Effects of illness attribution and depression on the quality of life among persons with serious mental illness. Social Science Medicine, 39, 155-164.

Mercier, C. & King, S. (1994). A latent variable causal model of the quality of life and community tenure of psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 72-77.

Moore, A.D., Stambrook, M., Gill, D.D. & Lubusko, A.A. (1992). Differences in long-term quality of life in married and single traumatic brain injury patients. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 2, 89-98.

Moum, T. (1988). Yae - saying and mood reported quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 20, 117-139.

Munetz, M., Birnbaum, A. & Wyzik, P. F. (1993). An integrative ideology to guide community-based multidisciplinary care of severely mentally ill patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 551-555.

Neugarten, B. L., Havighurst, R. J. & Tobin, S. S. (1961). The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 134-143.

O' Boyle, C.A., McGee, H.M. & Joyce, C.R.B. (1994). Quality of life assessing the individual. Advances in Medical Sociology, 5, 159-180.

Oliver, J. P. J. (1992). The social care directive: Development of a quality of life profile for use in community services for the mentally ill. Social Work & Social Sciences Review, 3, 5-45.

Oliver, J.P.J. & Mohamed, H. (1992). The quality of life of the chronically mentally ill: A comparison of public, private, and voluntary residential provisions. British Journal of Social Work, 22, 391-404.

Overall, J.E. & Gorham, D.R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799-812.

Page, S. (1993). Changes in health related quality of life following coronary artery by pass surgery in patients 65 years of age and older as perceived by patients and proxies. Masters Thesis, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Patrick, D. L. & Erickson, P. (1993). Health Status and Health Policy: Quality of Life in Health Care Evaluation and Resource Allocation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Pavot, W. & Diener, E. (1993a). The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28, 1-20.

Pavot, W. & Deiner, E. (1993b). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.

Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C.R. & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well- being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149-161.

Portney, L.G. & Watkins, M.P. (1993). Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications and Practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lang.

Rabin, R., Rosser, R. & Butler, C. (1993). Impact of diagnosis on utilities assigned to states of illness. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 86, 444-448.

Revicki, D. A., Turner, R., Brown, R. & Martindale, J. J. (1992). Reliability and validity of a health-related quality of life battery for evaluating outpatient antidepressant treatment. Quality of Life Research, 1, 257-266.

Rosenblatt, A. & Attkisson, C. C. (1993). Assessing outcomes for sufferers of severe mental disorder: A conceptual framework and review. Evaluation and Program Planning,16, 347-363.

Rosser, R. & Kind, P. (1978). A scale of valuations of states of illness: Is there a social consensus? International Journal of Epidemiology, 7, 347-358.

Rothman, M.L., Hendrick, S.C., Bulcroft, K.A., Hickman, D.H. & Rubenstein, L.Z. (1991). The validity of proxy generated scores as measures of patient health status. Medical Care, 27, 115-124.

Russell, D., Peplau, L.A. & Cutrona, C.E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480.

Sainfort, F., Becker, M. & Diamond, R. (1996). Judgements of quality of life of individuals with severe mental disorders: Patient self-report versus provider perspectives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 497-501.

Schalock, R.L., Bartnik, E., Wu, F., Konig, A., Lee, C. & Reiter, S. (1990). An international perspective on quality of life measurement and use. Paper presented at The 104th Annual Convention of the Association on Mental Retardation, Atlanta.

Schalock, R.L., Keith, K.D., Hoffman, K. & Karan, O.C. (1989). Quality of life: Its measurement and use. Mental Retardation, 27, 25-31.

Sinnott-Oswald, M., Gliner, J. A. & Spencer, K.C. (1991). Supported and sheltered employment: Quality of life issues among workers with disabilities. Education and Training in Mental Retardation, Dec, 388-397.

Skantze, K. & Malm, U. (1994). A new approach to facilitation of working alliances based on patients' quality of life goals. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 37-55.

Skantze, K., Malm, U., Dencker, S.J., May, P.R.A. & Corrigan, P. (1992). Comparison of quality of life with standard of living in schizophrenia outpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 797-801.

Smith, H.E. (1992). Head injury follow-up: is the Sickness Impact Profile a useful clinical tool? Clinical Rehabilitation, 6, 31-39.

Solomon, G.D., Skobieranda, F.G. & Gragg, L.A. (1993). Quality of life and well-being of headache patients: Measurement by the Medical Outcomes Study Instrument. Headache, 33, 351-358.

Spitzer, W.O., Dobson, A.J., Hall, J., Chesterman, E., Levi, J., Shepherd, R., Battista, R.N. & Catchlove, B.R. (1981). Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients. Journal of Chronic Disease, 34, 585-597.

Stewart, A.L., Hays, R.D. & Ware, J.E. (1988). The MOS Short Form General Health Survey: Reliability and validity in a patient population. Medical Care, 26, 724-731.

Stewart, A. L., Hays, R. D., Wells, K. B., Rogers, W. H., Spritzer, K. L. & Greenfield, S. (1994). Long-term functioning and well-being outcomes associated with physical activity and exercise in patients with chronic conditions in the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 47, 719-730.

Stoker, M.J., Dunbar, G.C. & Beaumont, G. (1992). The SmithKline Beecham Quality of Life Scale: A validation and reliability study in patients with affective disorder. Quality of Life Research, 1, 385-395.

Streiner D.L. (1993). A checklist for evaluating the usefulness of rating scales. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 140-148.

Sullivan, M., Karlsson, J., Bengtsson, C., Furunes, B., Lapidus, L. & Lissner, L. (1993). The Goteborg Quality of Life Instrument: A psychometric evaluation of assessments of symptoms and well-being among women in a general population. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 11, 267-275.

Sullivan, G., Wells, K. B. & Leake, B. (1992). Clinical factors associated with better quality of life in a seriously mentally ill population. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43, 794-802.

Tibblin, G., Svardsudd, K., Welin, L., Erikson, H. & Larsson, B. (1993). Quality of life as an outcome variable and a risk factor for total mortality and cardiovascular disease: A study of men born in 1913. Journal of Hypertension, 11, 81-86.

Tope, D., Ahles, T. & Silberfarb, P. (1993). Psycho-Oncology: Psychological well-being as one component of quality of life. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 60, 129-147.

Turner, R. (1994). Quality of life: Experience with sertraline. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9( suppl 3), 27-31.

U.T.I. (1996). The Survey Administrator System. University Technologies International Inc. University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (for more information call: (403) 270-3790).

Ware, J. E. & Gandek, B. (1994). The SF-36 Health Survey: Development and use in mental health research and the IQOLA project. International Journal of Mental Health, 23, 49-73.

Ware, J.E. & Sherbourne, C.D. (1992). The MOS 36-item Short Form Health Survey -(SF-36): Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483.

Weiner, E.A. & Stewart, B.J. (1984). Assessing Individuals: Psychological and Educational Tests and Measurements. Toronto: Little & Brown.

Wilkinson, G., Williams, B., Krekorian, H., McLees, S. & Falloon, I. (1992). QALYs in mental health: A case study. Psychological Medicine, 22, 725-731.

Wilson, S. (1996). Consumer empowerment in the mental health field. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, November issue (in press).

Next | Previous | Table of Contents