References: Obesity in Canada

References

Footnote 1

Statistics Canada, Canadian Health Measures Survey: Cycle 1 Data Tables: Introduction (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2010).

2

Footnote 2

M. Shields et al., "Fitness of Canadian Adults: Results from the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey," Health Reports 21 (2010): pp. 1-15.

3

Footnote 3

F. Elgar and J. Stewart, "Validity of Self-Report Screening for Overweight and Obesity. Evidence from the Canadian Community Health Survey," Canadian Journal of Public Health 99 (2008): pp. 423-427.

4

Footnote 4

S.C. Gorber and M.S. Tremblay, "The Bias in Self-Reported Obesity from 1976 to 2005: A Canada- US Comparison," Obesity (2009): pp.1-8.

5

Footnote 5

Statistics Canada, CANSIM Table 105-0501: Health indicator profile, annual estimates, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2007 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2010), [online] cited June 12, 2010.

6

Footnote 6

World Health Organization, "Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic," WHO Technical Report Series 894 (2000).

7

Footnote 7

Health Canada, Canadian Guidelines for Body Weight Classification in Adults (Ottawa, Ont.: Health Canada, 2003).

8

Footnote 8

B. Caballero, "The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview," Epidemiologic Reviews 29 (2007) pp. 1-5.

9

Footnote 9

P.T. Katzmarzyk, "The Canadian Obesity Epidemic: An Historical Perspective," Obesity 10 (2002): pp. 666-674.

10

Footnote 10

B. Torrance, M. Hooper and B. Reeder, "Trends in Overweight and Obesity Among Adults in Canada (1970-1991): Evidence from National Surveys Using Measured Height and Weight," International Journal of Obesity 26 (2002): pp. 797-804.

11

Footnote 11

M. Shields and M. Tjepkema, "Trends in Adult Obesity," Health Reports 17 (2006): pp. 53-59.

12

Footnote 12

M. Tjepkema, Measured Obesity. Adult Obesity in Canada: Measured Height and Weight. Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2005).

13

Footnote 13

M. Shields and S. Tremblay, "The Health of Canada's Communities," Health Reports 13 (2002): pp. 1-25.

14

Footnote 14

A. Vanasse et al., "Obesity in Canada: Where and How Many?" International Journal of Obesity 30 (2005): pp. 677-683.

15

Footnote 15

V. Mitura and R. Bollman, "The Health of Rural Canadians: A Rural-Urban Comparison of Health Indicators," Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin 4 (2003): pp.1-23.

16

Footnote 16

V. Mitura and R. Bollman, "Health Status and Behaviours of Canada's Youth: A Rural-Urban Comparison," Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin 5 (2004): pp. 1-22.

17

Footnote 17

K. Flegal and R. Troilano, "Changes in the Distribution of Body Mass Index of Adults and Children in the US Population," International Journal of Obesity 24 (2000): pp. 807-818.

18

Footnote 18

K.M. Flegal et al, "Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008," Journal of the American Medical Association 303 (2010): pp. 235-241.

19

Footnote 19

P. Contoyannis and J. Wildman, "Using Relative Distributions to Investigate the Body Mass Index in England and Canada," Health Economics 16 (2007): pp. 929-944.

20

Footnote 20

F. Sassi et al., "The Obesity Epidemic: Analysis of Past and Projected Future Trends in Selected OECD Countries," OECD Health Working Papers 45 (2009).

21

Footnote 21

K. Morrison and J. Chanoine, "Clinical Evaluation of Obese Children and Adolescents," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007); pp. online-45-49.

22

Footnote 22

2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children (118 pages, 252 Mb). Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. Online-1–117, [online] cited 10 December, 2010.

23

Footnote 23

T. Cole et al., "Establishing a Standard Definition for Child Overweight and Obesity Worldwide – International Survey," British Medical Journal 320 (2000): pp. 1240-1243.

24

Footnote 24

M. Shields and M. Tremblay, "Canadian Childhood Obesity Estimates Based on WHO, IOTF and CDC Cut-offs," International Journal of Pediatric Obesity (2010): pp. 1-22.

25

Footnote 25

Statistics Canada, Canadian Health Measures Survey ( CHMS), C ycle 1 Data Table 34 2007 to 2009. (Ottawa Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2010) Cat No. 82-623-X.

26

Footnote 26

M. Shields, "Overweight Canadian Children and Adolescents. Nutrition: Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey," (Ottawa,Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2005), Cat. No. 82-620-MWE.

27

Footnote 27

M.S. Tremblay et al., "Fitness of Canadian Children and Youth: Results from the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey," Health Reports 21 (2010): pp.1-14.

28

Footnote 28

First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey ( RHS) 2002/03, Results for Adults, Youth and Children Living in First Nations Communities (Ottawa, Ont.: RHS, 2007).

29

Footnote 29

First Nations Longitudinal Regional Health Survey ( RHS), RHS Phase 2 (Ottawa, Ont:. RHS, 2009).

30

Footnote 30

Statistics Canada, Aboriginal Peoples Survey – Concepts and Methods Guide (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2009).

31

Footnote 31

T.K. Young, "Obesity, Central Fat Patterning, and their Metabolic Correlates Among the Inuit of the Central Canadian Arctic," Human Biology 68 (1996): pp. 245-263.

32

Footnote 32

G. Charbonneau-Roberts et al., "Body Mass Index May Overestimate the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among the Inuit," International Journal of Circumpolar Health 64 (2005): pp. 163-169.

33

Footnote 33

K.P. Katzmarzyk, "Obesity and Physical Activity Among Aboriginal Canadians," Obesity 16 (2008): pp. 184-190.

34

Footnote 34

G.M. Egeland, A. Pacey, Z. Cao, and I. Sobol. "Food Insecurity Among Inuit Preschoolers: Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, 2007-2008," Canadian Medical Association Journal 182 (2010): pp. 243-248.

35

Footnote 35

B. Nolin, P. Lamontagne and A. Tremblay, Nunavik Iinuit Health Survey 2004, Quanuipptaa? How are we? Physical Activity, Anthropometry and Perception of Body Weight (Québec.: Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, 2007).

36

Footnote 36

L.M. Lix et al., "Risk Factors and Chronic Conditions Among Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Populations," Health Reports 20 (2009): pp. 21-29.

37

Footnote 37

T.K. Young, "Are the Circumpolar Inuit Becoming Obese?" American Journal of Human Biology 19 (2007): pp. 181-189.

38

Footnote 38

M. Tremblay et al., "Obesity, Overweight and Ethnicity," Health Reports 16 (2005): pp. 23-34.

39

Footnote 39

S.S. Anand et al., "Risk Factors, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease among Aboriginal People in Canada: The Study of Health Assessment and Risk Evaluation in Aboriginal Peoples (SHARE-AP)," Lancet 358 (2001): pp. 1147-1153.

40

Footnote 40

R. Oster and E. Toth, "Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes Risk-Factors among First Nation, Metis and Non-Aboriginal Adults Attending Screening Clinics in Rural Alberta, Canada," Rural and Remote Health 9 (2009): pp. 1170-1177.

41

Footnote 41

M. Monsalve et al., "Differences in Cardiovascular Risks in the Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal People Living in Bella Coola, British Columbia," Medical Science Monitor 11 (2005): pp.21-28.

42

Footnote 42

W. Leslie et al., "Bone Density and Bone Area in Canadian Aboriginal Women: The First Nations Bone Health Study," Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): pp. 1755-1762.

43

Footnote 43

P.T. Katzmarzyk et al., "Familial Risk of Obesity and Central Adipose Tissue Distribution in the General Canadian Population," American Journal of Epidemiology 149 (1999): pp. 933-942.

44

Footnote 44

M.S. Hunt et al., "Familial Resemblance of 7-year Changes in Body Mass and Adiposity," Obesity 10 (2002): pp. 507-517.

45

Footnote 45

P.T. Katzmarzyk, J. Hebebrand and C. Bouchard, "Spousal Resemblance in the Canadian Population: Implications for the Obesity Epidemic," International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26 (2002): pp. 241-246.

46

Footnote 46

C. Craig, C. Camerson and A. Bauman " Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Correlates of Obesity – Technical Report on the Secondary Analyses using the 2000-2001 Canadian Community Health Survey (Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2005).

47

Footnote 47

K. Raine, Overweight and Obesity in Canada, a Population Health Perspective (Ottawa, Ont.: CIHI, 2004).

48

Footnote 48

C. Loppie Reading and F. Wien, Health Inequalities and Social Determinants of Aboriginal Peoples' Health (National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health, 2009).

49

Footnote 49

M. Dyck, Social Determinants of Métis Health (Ottawa, Ont.: National Aboriginal Health Organization, 2009).

50

Footnote 50

National Aboriginal Health Organization, Broader Determinants of Health in an Aboriginal Context (Ottawa, Ont.: NAHO, 2007).

51

Footnote 51

M.S. Kaplan et al., "Prevalence and Correlates of Overweight and Obesity Among Older Adults: Findings from the Canadian National Population Health Survey," Journal of Gerontology 58, 11 (2003): pp. 1018-1030.

52

Footnote 52

J.A. Levine, V.W.M. Hill, J. Klesges, "Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis: The Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon of Societal Weight Gain," Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 26 (2006): pp. 729-736.

53

Footnote 53

M.S. Tremblay et al., "Incidental Movement, Lifestyle-Embedded Activity and Sleep: New Frontiers in Physical Activity Assessment," Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism 32 (2007): pp. S208-S217.

54

Footnote 54

A. Probert and M. Tremblay, "Desk Potatoes: The Importance of Occupational Physical Activity on Health," Canadian Journal of Public Health 99 (2008): pp. 311-318.

55

Footnote 55

P.T. Katzmarzyk and M.S. Tremblay, "Limitations of Canada's Physical Activity Data: Implications for Monitoring Trends," Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism 32 (2007): pp. S185-S194.

56

Footnote 56

S.A. Prince et al., "A Comparison of Direct Versus Self-Report Measures for Assessing Physical Activity in Adults: A Systematic Review," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5, 56 (2008).

57

Footnote 57

K.B. Adamo et al., "A Comparison of Indirect Versus Direct Measures for Assessing Physical Activity in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review," International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 4 (2009): pp. 2-27.

58

Footnote 58

Canada Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, " Kids CAN PLAY!" Activity Levels of Canadian Children and Youth Bulletin 1 (Ottawa, Ont:. CFLRI, 2009).

59

Footnote 59

Physical Activity and Health Alliance, Physical Activity Briefing Paper 13: The Health Implications of Sedentary Behaviour (Scotland.: NHS Scotland, 2007).

60

Footnote 60

A. Must and D. Tybor, "Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Review of Longitudinal Studies of Weight and Adiposity in Youth. International Journal of Obesity 29 (2005): pp. S84-S96.

61

Footnote 61

M. Shields and M. Tremblay, "Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity," Health Reports 19 (2008): pp. 19-30.

62

Footnote 62

I. Janssen et al., "Comparison of Overweight and Obesity Prevalence in School-Aged Youth from 34 Countries and Their Relationships with Physical Activity and Dietary Patterns," Obesity Reviews 6 (2005): pp. 123-132.

63

Footnote 63

Canadian Population Health Initiative, Comparing Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by Weight Status Among Children and Youth (Ottawa, Ont.: CPHI, 2009) .

64

Footnote 64

Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth (Ottawa, Ont.: Active Healthy Kids Canada, 2009).

65

Footnote 65

M. Shields and M. Tremblay, "Screen Time Among Canadian Adults: A Profile," Health Reports 19 (2008): pp. 31-43.

66

Footnote 66

M.S. Tremblay and J.D. Willms, "Is the Canadian Childhood Obesity Epidemic Related to Physical Inactivity?" International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 27 (2003): pp. 1100-1105.

67

Footnote 67

Slater G, Green CG, Sevenhuysen G, Edginton B, O'Neil J, Heasman M. The Growing Canadian Energy Gap: More the Can than the Couch? Public Health Nutrition 12 (2009) pp. 2216–2224.

68

Footnote 68

L. Minaker et al., "School Region Socio-Economic Status and Geographic Locale is Associated with Food Behaviour of Ontario and Alberta Adolescents," Canadian Journal of Public Health 97 (2006): pp. 357-361.

69

Footnote 69

P. Veugelers et al., "Neighborhood Characteristics in Relation to Diet, Physical Activity and Overweight of Canadian Children," International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 3 (2008): pp.152-159.

70

Footnote 70

I. Janssen et al., "Influence of Individual- and Area-level Measures of Socioeconomic Status on Obesity, Unhealthy Eating, and Physical Inactivity in Canadian Adolescents," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (2006): pp.139-145.

71

Footnote 71

L. Dubois et al., "Social Factors and Television Use During Meals and Snacks is Associated with Higher BMI Among Pre-school Children," Public Health Nutrition 11 (2008): pp. 1267-1279.

72

Footnote 72

T. Liang, S. Kuhle and P. Veugelers, "Nutrition and Body Weights of Canadian Children Watching Television and Eating While Watching Television," Public Health Nutrition 12 (2009): pp. 2457-2463.

73

Footnote 73

L. Dubois et al., "Regular Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Between Meals Increases Risk of Overweight Among Preschool-aged Children," Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107 (2007): pp. 924-934.

74

Footnote 74

L. Dubois et al., "Breakfast Skipping is Associated with Differences in Meal Patterns, Macronutrient Intakes and Overweight among Pre-school Children," Public Health Nutrition 12 (2009): pp. 19-28.

75

Footnote 75

S.J. Woodruff and R.M. Hanning, "Associations Between Family Dinner Frequency and Specific Food Behaviors Among Grade Six, Seven, and Eight Students from Ontario and Nova Scotia," Journal of Adolescent Health 44 (2009): pp. 431-436.

76

Footnote 76

M. Mirza, D. Fitzpatrick-Lewis and H. Thomas, Is There a Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Overweight/Obesity? (Hamilton, Ont.: Effective Public Health Practice Project, 2007).

77

Footnote 77

L. Dubois et al., "Family Food Insufficiency is Related to Overweight among Preschoolers," Social Science & Medicine 63 (2006): pp. 1503-1516.

78

Footnote 78

L.J.G. McLaren, "Social Class and BMI Among Canadian Adults: A Focus on Occupational Prestige," Obesity 17 (2009): pp. 290-299.

79

Footnote 79

D.W. Harrington and S.J. Elliott, "Weighing the Importance of Neighbourhood: A Multilevel Exploration of the Determinants of Overweight and Obesity," Social Science & Medicine. 68 (2009): pp. 593-600.

80

Footnote 80

L. Oliver and M. Haynes, "Neighbourhood Socio-Economic Status and the Prevalence of Overweight Canadian Children and Youth," Canadian Journal of Public Health 96 (2005): pp. 415-420.

81

Footnote 81

L. Oliver and M. Hayes, "Effects of Neighbourhood Income on Reported Body Mass Index: An Eight Year Longitudinal Study of Canadian Children," BMC Public Health 8, 16 (2008).

82

Footnote 82

Canadian Institute for Health Information, Exploring Urban Environments and Inequalities in Health (Ottawa, Ont.: CIHI, 2010).

83

Footnote 83

I. Ferreira et al., "Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in Youth – A Review and Update," Obesity Reviews 8 (2006): pp. 29-154.

84

Footnote 84

L. Elinder and M. Jansson, "Obesogenic Environments – Aspects on Measurement and Indictors," Public Health Nutrition 12 (2008): pp. 307-315.

85

Footnote 85

J. Spence et al., "Relation Between Local Food Environments and Obesity Among Adults," BMC Public Health 9,192 (2009).

86

Footnote 86

J.E. Holsten, "Obesity and the Community Food Environment: A Systematic Review," Public Health Nutrition 12 (2009): pp. 397-405.

87

Footnote 87

R.A. Harrison, I. Gemmell and R.F. Heller, "The Population Effect of Crime and Neighbourhood on Physical Activity: An Analysis of 15 461 Adults," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 (2007): pp. 34-39.

88

Footnote 88

I. Hramiak et al., "Assessment of Obesity and its Complications in Adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal 178 (2007): pp. 36-39.

89

Footnote 89

D. Guh et al., "The Incidence of Co-Morbidities Related to Obesity and Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," Public Health 9, 88 (2009).

90

Footnote 90

R. Dent et al., "Psychiatric Issues in the Management of Obesity," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-40-44.

91

Footnote 91

A. Singh et al., "Tracking of Childhood Overweight into Adulthood: A Systematic Review of the Literature," Obesity Reviews 9 (2008): pp. 474-488.

92

Footnote 92

G. Ball and L. McCargar, "Childhood Obesity in Canada: A Review of Prevalence Estimates and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes," Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28 (2003): pp. 117-140.

93

Footnote 93

J.P. Després and A. Tchernof, "Classification of Overweight and Obesity in Adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-21-26.

94

Footnote 94

J.P. Deprés and I. Lemieux, "Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome," Nature 444 (2006): pp. 881-887.

95

Footnote 95

J. Liu et al., "Characteristics and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome among Three Ethnic Groups in Canada," International Journal of Obesity 30 (2006) pp. 669-676.

96

Footnote 96

J. Gittelsohn et al., "Specific Patterns of Food Consumption and Preparation are Associated with Diabetes and Obesity in a Native Canadian Community," Journal of Nutrition 128 (1998): pp. 541-547.

97

Footnote 97

L. Ho et al., "Food-Related Behavior, Physical Activity, and Dietary Intake in First Nations, a Population at High Risk for Diabetes," Ethnicity & Health 13 (2008): pp. 335-349.

98

Footnote 98

T.K. Young et al., "Prevalence of Obesity and its Metabolic Correlates Among the Circumpolar Inuit in 3 Countries," American Journal of Public Health 97 (2007): pp. 691-695.

99

Footnote 99

J.M. Ekoe et al., "Epidemiology of Obesity in Relationship to Some Chronic Medical Conditions Among Inuit and Cree Indian Populations in New Quebec, Canada," Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 10 (1990): pp. S17-S27.

100

Footnote 100

S. Kaler et al., "High Rates of the Metabolic Syndrome in a First Nations Community in Western Canada: Prevalence and Determinants in Adults and Children," International Journal of Circumpolar Health 65 (2006): pp. 389-402.

101

Footnote 101

M.L. Chateau-Degat et al., "Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria of the Metabolic Syndrome in Three Ethnic Groups of Canada," Metabolism 57 (2008): pp. 1526-1532.

102

Footnote 102

J. Liu et al., "Lifestyle Variables, Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and the Metabolic Syndrome in an Aboriginal Canadian Population," Obesity 14 (2006): pp. 500-508.

103

Footnote 103

R.L. Pollex et al., "Metabolic Syndrome in Aboriginal Canadians: Prevalence and Genetic Associations," Atherosclerosis 184 (2006): pp. 121-129.

104

Footnote 104

M. Daniel et al., "Variation by Body Mass Index and Age in Waist-to-Hip Ratio Associations with Glycemic Status in an Aboriginal Population at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in British Columbia, Canada," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (1999): pp. 455-460.

105

Footnote 105

S. Bruce, "Prevalence and Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus Among the Métis of Western Canada," American Journal of Human Biology 12 (2000): pp. 542-551.

106

Footnote 106

T.K. Young, "Sociocultural and Behavioral Determinants of Obesity Among Inuit in the Central Canadian Arctic," Social Science & Medicine 43 (1996): pp. 1665-1671.

107

Footnote 107

F. Wang and P.J. Veugelers, "Self-Esteem and Cognitive Development in the Era of the Childhood Obesity Epidemic," Obesity Reviews 9 (2008): pp. 615-623.

108

Footnote 108

F. Wang et al., "The Influence of Childhood Obesity on the Development of Self-Esteem," Health Reports 20 (2009): pp. 21-27.

109

Footnote 109

R. Puhl and J.D. Latner, "Stigma, Obesity, and the Health of the Nation's Children," Psychological Bulletin 133 (2007): pp. 557-557.

110

Footnote 110

R. Puhl and C. Heuer, "The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update," Obesity 17 (2009): pp. 941-964.

111

Footnote 111

J. Park, Perspectives on Labour and Income: Obesity on the Job (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2009), Statistics Canada catalogue no. 75-001-X: pp. 14-22.

112

Footnote 112

K.M. Flegal et al., "Estimating Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the United States," American Journal of Public Health 94 (2004): pp. 1486-1489.

113

Footnote 113

P.T. Katzmarzyk, I. Janssen and C. Ardern, "Physical Inactivity, Excess Adiposity and Premature Mortality," Obesity Reviews 4 (2003): pp. 257-290.

114

Footnote 114

P.T. Katzmarzyk and C. Ardern, "Overweight and Obesity Mortality Trends in Canada, 1985-2000," Canadian Journal of Public Health 95 (2004): pp. 16-20

115

Footnote 115

H. Orpana et al., " BMI and Mortality: Results from a National Longitudinal Study of Canadian Adults," Obesity 18 (2009): pp. 214-218.

116

Footnote 116

I. Lee and J. Manson "Body Weight and Mortality: What is the Shape of the Curve?" Epidemiology 9, 3 (1998): pp. 227-228.

117

Footnote 117

D.B. Allison et al., "Hypothesis Concerning the U-Shaped Relation Between Body Mass Index and Mortality," American Journal of Epidemiology 146 (1997): pp. 339-349.

118

Footnote 118

K.M. Flegal et al., "Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005): pp. 1861-1867.

119

Footnote 119

K.M. Flegal et al., "Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (2007): pp. 2028-2037.

120

Footnote 120

J.P. Reis et al., "Comparison of Overall Obesity and Body Fat Distribution in Predicting Risk of Mortality," Obesity 17 (2009): pp. 1232-1239.

121

Footnote 121

D. Allison et al., "Differential Associations of Body Mass Index and Adiposity With All-Cause Mortality Among Men in the First and Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys ( NHANES I and NHANES II) Follow-up Studies,"
International Journal of Obesity 26 (2002): pp. 410-416.

122

Footnote 122

A. Anis et al., "Obesity and Overweight in Canada: An Updated Cost-of-Illness Study," Obesity Reviews 11, 1 (2009): pp. 31-40.

123

Footnote 123

I. Janssen, M. Lam and P.T. Katzmarzyk, "Influence of Overweight and Obesity on Physician Costs in Adolescents and Adults in Ontario, Canada," Obesity Reviews 10 (2009): pp. 51-57.

124

Footnote 124

D. Ludwig and K. Brownell, "Public Health Action Amid Scientific Uncertainty, the Case of Restaurant Calorie Labeling Regulations," Journal of the American Medical Association 302 (2009): pp. 434-435.

125

Footnote 125

D. Manuel et al., What Does it Take to Make a Healthy Province? A Benchmark Study of Jurisdictions in Canada and Around the World with the Highest Levels of Health and the Best Health Behaviours (Toronto, Ont.,: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences ICES, 2009).

126

Footnote 126

L. MacLean et al., "Obesity, Stigma and Public Health Planning," Health Promotion International 24 (2009): pp. 88-93.

127

Footnote 127

P. Braveman, "A Health Disparities Perspective on Obesity Research," Preventing Chronic Disease 6, 3 (2009): pp. 1-7.

128

Footnote 128

F. Sassi et al., "Improving Lifestyles, Tackling Obesity: The Health and Economic Impact of Prevention Strategies," OECD Health Working Paper 48 (2009).

129

Footnote 129

P. Estabrooks, E. Fisher and L. Hayman, "What is Needed to Reverse the Trends in Childhood Obesity? A Call to Action," Annals of Behavioral Medicine 36 (2008): pp. 209-216.

130

Footnote 130

G. Sacks, B. Swinburn and M. Lawrence, "Obesity Policy Action Framework and Analysis Grids for a Comprehensive Policy Approach to Reducing Obesity," Obesity Reviews 10 (2009): pp. 76-86.

131

Footnote 131

M. Vallis, "Behaviour Therapy," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-54-56.

132

Footnote 132

R. Mendelson et al., "Dietary Interventions for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-57-59.

133

Footnote 133

L. Gillis et al., "Dietary Intervention for the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-79-82.

134

Footnote 134

D. Prud'homme et al., "Physical Activity and Exercise Therapy – Adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-64-66.

135

Footnote 135

V. Vance, R.M. Hanning and L. McCargar, "Combined Diet and Exercise Therapy for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-60-64.

136

Footnote 136

B. Barbarich et al., "Combined Diet and Exercise in the Treatment of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. 87-88.

137

Footnote 137

D. Birch, S. Biron and D. Grace, "Surgical Treatment of Morbid Obesity," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-72-75.

138

Footnote 138

E. Sellers, "Pharmacotherapy and Bariatric Surgery for the Treatment of Obesity in Children and Adolescents," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-89-91.

139

Footnote 139

E. Harvey et al., Improving Health Professionals' Management and the Organisation of Care for Overweight and Obese People (Cochrane Library, 2001) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews No. CD000984.

140

Footnote 140

B. Reeder and P.T. Katzmarzyk, "Prevention of Obesity in Adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-92-94.

141

Footnote 141

M. Leonie, A.J.M. Neville and B. O'Hara, "Computer-Tailored Weight Reduction Interventions Targeting Adults: A Narrative Systematic Review," Health Promotion Journal of Australia 20 (2009): pp. 48-57.

142

Footnote 142

J. Gregory et al., "A Review of eHealth Interventions for Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviour Change," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33, 4 (2007): pp. 336-345.

143

Footnote 143

E.O. Whitlock et al., "Screening and Interventions for Childhood Overweight: A Summary of Evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force," Pediatrics 116 (2005): pp. 125-144.

144

Footnote 144

R. Ross, "The Challenge of Obesity Treatment: Avoiding Weight Regain," Canadian Medical Association Journal 180 (2009): pp. 997-998.

145

Footnote 145

E.C. Weiss et al., "Weight Regain in U.S. Adults who Experienced Substantial Weight Loss, 1999-2002," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33 (2007): pp. 34-40.

146

Footnote 146

R. Wing et al., "Maintaining Large Weight Losses: The Role of Behavioral and Psychological Factors," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 (2008): pp. 1015-1021.

147

Footnote 147

K.S. Dale et al., "Determining Optimal Approaches for Weight Maintenance: A Randomized Controlled Trial," Canadian Medical Association Journal 180 (2009): pp. E39-E46.

148

Footnote 148

D. Neumark-Sztainer et al., "Self-Weighing in Adolescents: Helpful or Harmful? Longitudinal Associations with Body Weight Changes and Disordered Eating," Journal of Adolescent Health 39, 6 (2006): pp. 811-818.

149

Footnote 149

R. Geneau et al., Mobilizing Intersectoral Action to Promote Health: The Case of ActNow BC in British Columbia, Canada (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2009).

150

Footnote 150

R.C. Plotnikoff et al., "ParticipACTION: Baseline Assessment of the 'New ParticipACTION': A Quantitative Survey of Canadian Organizational Awareness and Capacity," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 6, 86 (2009).

151

Footnote 151

G. Faulkner et al., "ParticipACTION: Baseline Assessment of the Capacity Available to the 'New ParticipACTION': A Qualitative Study of Canadian Organizations," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 6, 87 (2009).

152

Footnote 152

Canadian Produce Marketing Association, 5 to 10 a Day for Better Health (Ottawa, Ont.: CPMA, 2009).

153

Footnote 153

M. Miles et al., "Using the Mass-Media to Target Obesity: An Analysis of the Characteristics and Reported Behaviour Change of Participants in the BBC's `Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit' Campaign," Health Education Research 16 (2001): pp. 357-372.

154

Footnote 154

Department of Health, Change4life – Eat Well, Move More, Live Longer (England, Department of Health, 2009).

155

Footnote 155

Australian Better Health Initiative,  Measure Up(ABHI, 2009).

156

Footnote 156

Division of Adolescent and School Health, Youth Media Campaign: Verb It's What You Do (National Center for Chronic Disease, 2009), [online] from <http://www.cdc.gov/youthcampaign>.

157

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  Fruits and Veggies More Matters ( CDCP, 2009).

158

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B. Wammes, A. Oenema and J. Brug, "The Evaluation of a Mass Media Campaign Aimed at Weight Gain Prevention Among Young Dutch Adults," Obesity 15, 11 (2007); pp. 2780-2789.

159

Footnote 159

J.M. Berkowitz, M. Huhman and M.J. Nolin, "Did Augmenting the Verb Campaign Advertising in Select Communities Have an Effect on Awareness, Attitudes, and Physical Activity?" American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34 (2008): pp. S257-S266.

160

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D.M. Matson-Koffman et al., " A Site-Specific Literature Review of Policy and Environmental Interventions that Promote Physical Activity and Nutrition for Cardiovascular Health: What Works?" American Journal of Health Promotion 19 (2005): pp. 167-193.

161

Footnote 161

J. Burton, The Business Case for a Healthy Workplace (Ontario, Industrial Accident Prevention Association, 2008).

162

Footnote 162

Canadian Labour and Business Center, Twelve Case Studies on Innovative Workplace Health Initiatives, Summary of Key Conclusions (CLBC, 2002).

163

Footnote 163

B. Rosen and L. Barrington, Weights and Measures: What Employers Should Know about Obesity, (The Conference Board, 2008), Research Report R-1419-08-RR.

164

Footnote 164

L. Anderson et al., "The Effectiveness of Worksite Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions for Controlling Employee Overweight and Obesity, a Systematic Review," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37, 4 (2009): pp. 340-357.

165

Footnote 165

M.A. Flynn et al., "Reducing Obesity and Related Chronic Disease Risk in Children and Youth: A Synthesis of Evidence with 'Best Practice' Recommendations," Obesity Reviews 7 (2006): pp. 7-66.

166

Footnote 166

K. Raine and E. Wilson, "Obesity Prevention in the Canadian Population: Policy Recommendations for Environmental Change," Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, 8 suppl (2007): pp. online-106-112.

167

Footnote 167

M. Day et al., "Action Schools! BC – Healthy Eating," Canadian Journal of Public Health 99 (2008): pp. 328-331.

168

Footnote 168

P.J. Veugelers and A.L. Fitzgerald, "Effectiveness of School Programs in Preventing Childhood Obesity: A Multilevel Comparison," American Journal of Public Health 95 (2005): pp. 432-436.

169

Footnote 169

T. Brown and C. Summerbell, "Systematic Review of School-Based Interventions that Focus on Changing Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Levels to Prevent Childhood Obesity: An Update to the Obesity Guidance Produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence," Obesity Review 10 (2009): pp. 110-142.

170

Footnote 170

H. Thomas, "Obesity Prevention Programs for Children and Youth: Why are Their Results so Modest?" Health Education Research 21 (2006): pp. 783-795.

171

Footnote 171

K. Harris et al., "Effect of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Body Mass Index in Children: A Meta-analysis," Canadian Medical Association Journal 180 (2009): pp. 719-726.

172

Footnote 172

F. Mathseon, R. Moineddin and R. Glazier, "The Weight of Place: A Multilevel Analysis of Gender, Neighborhood Material Deprivation and Body Mass Index Among Canadian Adults," Social Science & Medicine 66, 3 (2008): pp. 675-690.

173

Footnote 173

W. Clark, "Kids' Sports," Canadian Social Trends (2008), Statistics Canada catalogue no.11-008-X.

174

Footnote 174

A. Carver, A. Timperio and D. Crawford, "Playing It Safe: The Influence of Neighbourhood Safety on Children's Physical Activity. A Review," Health & Place 14, 2 (2008): pp. 217-227.

175

Footnote 175

S. French, M. Story and R. Jeffrey, "Environmental Influences on Eating and Physical Activity," Annual Review of Public Health 22 (2001): pp. 309-335.

176

Footnote 176

S. Cummins and S. Macintyre, "Food Environments and Obesity–Neighbourhood or Nation?" International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2006): pp. 100-104.

177

Footnote 177

S. Johnson and J. Marko , Designing Healthy Places: Land Use Planning and Public Health (Edmonton, Alta.: Population Health Capital Health, 2007).

178

Footnote 178

Public Health Agency of Canada, Bringing Health to the Planning Table, a Profile of Promising Practices in Canada and Abroad (Ottawa, Ont.: PHAC, 2009).

179

Footnote 179

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Planning by Design: A Healthy Communities Handbook (Ontario Professional Planners Institute, 2009).

180

Footnote 180

Public Health Agency of Canada, A Diagnostique of Overweight and Obesity in Canada (unpublished manuscript).

181

Footnote 181

Canada Post, Food Mail Program (Ottawa, Ont.: Canada Post, 2009).

182

Footnote 182

M. He et al., "Impact Evaluation of the Northern Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Programme – a Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial" Public Health Nutrition 12, 11 (2009): pp. 2199-2208.

183

Footnote 183

Dietitians of Canada, Community Food Security Position of Dietitians of Canada (Toronto, Ont.: Dietitians of Canada, 2007).

184

Footnote 184

M. Story and S. French, "Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and Adolescents in the US," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1, 3 (2004).

185

Footnote 185

Canada Revenue Agency, Children's Fitness Tax Credit (Ottawa, Ont.: Canada Revenue Agency, 2009).

186

Footnote 186

Canada Revenue Agency, Line 364 – Public Transit Amount (Ottawa, Ont.: Canada Revenue Agency, 2009).

187

Footnote 187

M. Tremblay, "Major Initiatives Related to Childhood Obesity and Physical Inactivity in Canada. The Year in Review," Canadian Journal of Public Health 98 (2007): pp. 457-459.

188

Footnote 188

B. Von Tigerstrom, Tax and Subsidy Measures for Obesity Prevention: Background Paper, Submitted to the Public Health Agency of Canada (2009).

189

Footnote 189

S. Mercer et al., "Possible Lessons from the Tobacco Experience for Obesity Control," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2003): pp. 1073S-1082S.

190

Footnote 190

J. Ball et al., The Economic Benefits of Prevention. Key Findings and Messages From a Survey of the Recent Evidence (Ottawa, Ont.: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2009).

191

Footnote 191

V.E.P.P. Lemmens et al., "A Systematic Review of the Evidence Regarding Efficacy of Obesity Prevention Interventions among Adults," Obesity Reviews 9 (2008): pp. 446-455.

192

Footnote 192

World Health Organization, Interventions on Diet and Physical Activity: What Works, Summary Report (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2009).

193

Footnote 193

Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) - Annual Component User Guide 2007-2008 Microdata Files, June 2009 (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2009).

194

Footnote 194

S. Thomas and S. Tremblay, Interpreting Estimates from the Redesigned Canadian Community Health Survey (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2010).

195

Footnote 195

Statistics Canada, C anadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.1 Data Dictionary (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2003).

196

Footnote 196

Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.1 Data Dictionary (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2004).

197

Footnote 197

Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle (CCHS) 2.2 Data Dictionary (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2005).

198

Footnote 198

Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 3.2 Data Dictionary (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2006).

199

Footnote 199

Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey 2007 Data Dictionary, Rounded Frequencies (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2008).

200

Footnote 200

Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey 2008 Data Dictionary, Rounded Frequencies (Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, 2009).

201

Footnote 201

Health Canada,  Food and Nutrition. Regulations and Compliance (Ottawa, Ont.: Health Canada, 2009).

202

Footnote 202

P. Katzmarzyk and I. Janssen, "The Economic Costs Associated with Physical Inactivity and Obesity in Canada: An Update," Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 29 (2004): pp. 90-115.

203

Footnote 203

R. Hawes and P. Stewart, Social and Behavioural Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in Canada, 2000-2005: Epidemiologic Evidence for Health Policy (Canadian Alliance on Risk Factors Surveillance Scientific Conference , 2008).

204

Footnote 204

S. Thomas and B. Wannell, "Combining Cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey," Health Reports 20 (2009): pp.53-58.

205

Footnote 205

A. Barros and V. Hirakata, "Alternatives for Logistic Regression in Cross-Sectional Studies: An Empirical Comparison of Models that Directly Estimate the Prevalence Ratio," BMC Medical Research Methodology 3, 21 (2003).

206

Footnote 206

A.V. Perruccio, J.D. Power and E.M. Badley, "The Relative Impact of 13 Chronic Conditions across Three Different Outcomes," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 (2007): pp. 1056-1061.

207

Footnote 207

G. Zou, "A Modified Poisson Regression Approach to Prospective Studies with Binary Data," American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (2004): pp. 702-706.

208

Footnote 208

D. Kleinbaum, L. Kupper and H. Morgenstern, Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods (New York.: Van Nostrand Reinhold ,1982).

209

Footnote 209

A.K. Akobeng and R.F. Heller, "Assessing the Population Impact of Low Rates of Breast Feeding on Asthma, Celiac Disease and Obesity: The Use of a New Statistical Method," Archives of Disease in Childhood 92 (2007): pp. 483-485.

210

Footnote 210

P. Torun, R. Heller and A. Verma, "Population Impact of Changes in Heroin Treatment and Smoking Prevalence Rates: Using Population Impact Measures," European Journal of Public Health 19 (2009): pp. 28-31.

211

Footnote 211

S. Natarajan, S. Lipsitz and E. Rimm, "A Simple Method of Determining Confidence Intervals for Population Attributable Risk from Complex Surveys," Statistics in Medicine 26 (2007): pp. 3229-3239.

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