| ATC Class | Antimicrobial | DDD/1,000 inhabitants-days | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |||
| Roman numerals I to III indicate the ranking of antimicrobials based on importance in human medicine as outlined by the Veterinary Drugs Directorate. ATC = Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical. DDD = Defined daily dose. NPD = No prescriptions dispensed. |
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| I | Combinations of penicillins, including ß-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) | Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor (J01CR02) | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.75 |
| Third-generation cephalosporins (J01DD) | Cefixime (J01DD08) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
| Fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | Ofloxacin (J01MA01) | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | |
| Ciprofloxacin (J01MA02) | 1.14 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | ||
| Norfloxacin (J01MA06) | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.14 | ||
| Levofloxacine (J01MA12) | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | ||
| Moxifloxacin (J01MA14) | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.42 | ||
| Glycopeptides (J01XA) | Vancomycin (J01XA01) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| Imidazole (J01XD) | Metronidazole (J01XD01) | NPD | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | |
| Linezolid (J01XX) | Linezolid (J01XX08) | NPD | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| II | Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | Ampicilline (J01CA01) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Amoxicillin (J01CA04) | 4.79 | 4.66 | 4.43 | 4.40 | 4.24 | 4.42 | 4.53 | 4.36 | 4.39 | 4.52 | ||
| Pivampicillin (J01CA02) | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | ||
| ß-lactamase sensitive penicillins (J01CE) | Penicillin G (J01CE01) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| Penicillin V (J01CE02) | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.56 | ||
| ß-lactamase resistant penicillins (J01CF) | Cloxacillin (J01CF02) | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.18 | |
| First-generation cephalosporins (J01DB) | Cephalexin (J01DB01) | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | |
| Cefadroxil (J01DB05) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||
| Second-generation cephalosporins (J01DC) | Cefaclor (J01DC04) | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
| Cefprozil (J01DC10) | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.33 | ||
| Cefuroxime axetil (J01DC02) | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.41 | ||
| Combinations of sulfonamides and trimethoprim, including derivatives (J01EE) | Sulfamethoxazole et trimethoprime (J01EE01) | 1.38 | 1.25 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.76 | |
| Sulfadiazine et trimethoprim (J01EE02) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
| Macrolides (J01FA) | Azithromycin (J01FA10) | 0.53 | 0.65 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.79 | |
| Clarithromycin (J01FA09) | 2.22 | 2.25 | 2.11 | 2.23 | 2.18 | 2.48 | 2.64 | 2.68 | 2.70 | 2.79 | ||
| Erythromycin (J01FA01) | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.21 | ||
| Lincosamides (J01FF) | Clindamycin (J01FF01) | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.39 | |
| Aminoglycosides (J01GB) | Tobramycin (J01GB01) | NPD | NPD | NPD | NPD | NPD | NPD | < 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Other quinolones, excluding fluoroquinolones (J01MB) | Nalidixic acid (J01MB02) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | < 0.01 | |
| Sulfonamide combinations, excluding trimethoprim (J01RA) | Erythromycin-sulfisoxazole (J01RA02) | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| Steroid antimicrobials (j01XC) | Fusidic acid (J01XC01) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| III | Tetracyclines (J01AA) | Doxycycline (J01AA02) | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.96 |
| Minocycline (J01AA08) | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.99 | ||
| Tetracycline (J01AA07) | 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.46 | ||
| Amphenicols (J01BA) | Chloramphenicol (J01BA01) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | NPD | NPD | NPD | |
| Trimethoprim and derivatives (J01EA) | Trimethoprim (J01EA01) | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
| Short-acting sulfonamides (J01EB) | Sulfamethizole (J01EB02), sulfapyridine (J01EB04), sulfisoxazole (J01EB05) | 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides (J01EC) | Sulfadiazine (J01EC02), sulfamethoxazole (J01EC04) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| 0.01Nitrofuran derivatives (J01XE) | Nitrofurantoin (J01XE01) | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.66 | |
| Fosfomycin (J01XX) | Fosfomycin (J01XX01) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |
| NC | Methenamine (J01XX) | Methenamine (J01XX05) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Total (J01) | 19.23 | 18.93 | 18.11 | 18.21 | 17.58 | 18.13 | 18.64 | 18.03 | 18.00 | 18.20 | ||