| Antimicrobial | ATC Class | Total cost/1,000 inhabitants ($) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |||
| Roman numerals I to III indicate the ranking of antimicrobials based on importance in human medicine as outlined by the Veterinary Drugs Directorate. ATC = Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical. NPD = No prescriptions dispensed. NC = Not classified. |
||||||||||||
| I | Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor | Combinations of penicillins, including ß-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) | 758.68 | 741.82 | 644.84 | 632.84 | 584.65 | 631.09 | 663.15 | 670.70 | 690.52 | 717.44 |
| Cefixime | Third-generation cephalosporins (J01DD) | 212.26 | 196.78 | 179.57 | 155.33 | 133.22 | 137.49 | 136.28 | 147.65 | 158.87 | 169.24 | |
| Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin | Fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 4,285.71 | 4,555.96 | 4,758.29 | 5,078.69 | 4,859.20 | 4,280.24 | 4,176.93 | 4,197.10 | 4,195.61 | 4,127.83 | |
| Vancomycin | Glycopeptides (J01XA) | 51.03 | 54.88 | 62.08 | 76.38 | 131.23 | 148.95 | 145.53 | 159.23 | 160.72 | 184.91 | |
| Metronidazole | Imidazole (J01XD) | NPD | 198.89 | 224.55 | 243.26 | 261.21 | 268.74 | 295.80 | 282.08 | 290.78 | 302.53 | |
| Linezolid | Linezolid (J01XX) | NPD | 6.36 | 19.53 | 43.61 | 71.59 | 95.82 | 91.62 | 98.97 | 99.08 | 117.86 | |
| II | Ampicillin, amoxicillin, pivampicillin | Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | 2,662.57 | 2,559.11 | 2,416.25 | 2,456.31 | 2,295.16 | 2,452.44 | 2,471.71 | 2,388.37 | 2,886.96 | 3,025.90 |
| Penicillin G, penicillin V | ß-lactamase sensitive penicillins (J01CE) | 497.32 | 467.30 | 452.74 | 463.27 | 435.95 | 432.11 | 438.39 | 420.97 | 448.81 | 449.93 | |
| Cloxacillin | ß-lactamase resistant penicillins (J01CF) | 287.70 | 272.68 | 251.58 | 242.19 | 226.14 | 197.11 | 189.03 | 168.99 | 199.32 | 186.62 | |
| Cephalexin, cefadroxil | First-generation cephalosporins (J01DB) | 736.71 | 756.44 | 798.94 | 863.21 | 890.36 | 933.03 | 1,000.26 | 980.32 | 1,214.80 | 1,250.52 | |
| Cefaclor, cefprozil, cefuroxime axetil | Second-generation cephalosporins (J01DC) | 2,335.89 | 2,134.36 | 1,820.11 | 1,807.37 | 1,797.76 | 1,851.94 | 1,815.33 | 1,540.95 | 1,288.65 | 1,240.21 | |
| Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, sulfadiazine and trimethoprim | Combinations of sulfonamides and trimethoprim, including derivatives (J01EE) | 632.11 | 571.05 | 511.01 | 481.11 | 438.79 | 407.76 | 412.08 | 398.39 | 398.02 | 393.95 | |
| Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin | Macrolides (J01FA) | 5,800.28 | 6,177.44 | 6,219.24 | 6,639.65 | 6,521.81 | 7,292.34 | 6,782.47 | 6,103.52 | 5,714.90 | 5,731.94 | |
| Clindamycin | Lincosamides (J01FF) | 666.80 | 605.60 | 635.04 | 654.75 | 675.26 | 698.80 | 773.50 | 781.53 | 781.11 | 801.07 | |
| Tobramycin | Aminoglycosides (J01GB) | 0.93 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | 155.86 | 191.11 | 200.41 | 262.94 | |
| Nalidixic acid | Other quinolones, excluding fluoroquinolones (J01MB) | 3.62 | 3.01 | 2.53 | 2.27 | 2.16 | 0.07 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | NPD | < 0.01 | |
| Erythromycin-sulfisoxazole | Sulfonamide combinations, excluding trimethoprim (J01RA) | 95.14 | 66.22 | 43.47 | 29.38 | 19.60 | 18.21 | 15.81 | 11.31 | 3.80 | 0.00 | |
| Fusidic acid | Steroid antibacterials (J01XC) | 6.14 | 6.74 | 6.04 | 6.30 | 6.24 | 6.94 | 7.21 | 5.58 | 4.78 | 2.23 | |
| III | Doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline | Tetracyclines (J01AA) | 1,456.11 | 1,451.83 | 1,485.89 | 1,524.95 | 1,512.46 | 1,516.34 | 1,566.65 | 1,528.94 | 1,455.03 | 1,443.62 |
| Chloramphenicol | Amphenicols (J01BA) | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | NPD | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | NPD | NPD | NPD | |
| Trimethoprim | Trimethoprim and derivatives (J01EA) | 47.67 | 43.68 | 41.75 | 39.62 | 35.03 | 31.60 | 32.45 | 31.48 | 29.34 | 33.13 | |
| Sulfamethizole, sulfapyridine, sulfisoxazole | Short-acting sulfonamides (J01EB) | 2.79 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | NPD | |
| Sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole | Intermediate-acting sulfonamides (J01EC) | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.14 | < 0.01 | |
| Nitrofurantoin | Nitrofuran derivatives (J01XE) | 290.94 | 312.33 | 332.83 | 364.93 | 404.48 | 431.71 | 485.87 | 504.68 | 545.99 | 599.38 | |
| Fosfomycin | Fosfomycin (J01XX) | 14.71 | 16.06 | 10.39 | 7.60 | 5.52 | 4.43 | 3.59 | 2.11 | 0.39 | 0.90 | |
| NC | Methenamine | Methenamine (J01XX) | 7.64 | 7.27 | 7.14 | 6.59 | 6.31 | 5.34 | 5.23 | 5.59 | 3.76 | 5.34 |
| Total (J01) | 20,853.20 | 21,206.67 | 20,924.18 | 21,820.12 | 21,314.35 | 21,842.67 | 21,664.93 | 20,619.77 | 20,771.77 | 21,047.50 | ||