2005 - Preliminary Results

For more information please email cipars-picra@hc-sc.gc.ca

Additional Information: We are posting additional data to the CIPARS 2005 Preliminary Results file. This document includes frequency of bacterial isolation (recovery rates) for various commodities and products in our active surveillance programs from 2002-2005

• Recovery rate and final number of isolates submitted for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing across the bacterial species, the active surveillance components and the animal species, 2002-2005 .

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About CIPARS 2005 Preliminary Results

For the first time we are web-posting preliminary antimicrobial resistance findings for the most recent complete calendar year (2005). Data from the following program components are available:

• Enhanced Passive Surveillance of Human Clinical Isolates
• Active Abattoir Surveillance (bovine, chickens and swine)
• Active Retail Meat Surveillance (beef, chicken, and pork)
• Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates (bovine, chickens, swine and turkeys)

Final results, which may differ slightly from those posted in this preliminary web-report, will be presented in the 2005 CIPARS Annual Report. The full annual report will include integrated data on Escherichia coli and Salmonella antimicrobial resistance across humans and animal commodities, and a description of temporal changes. The 2005 Annual Report is scheduled for publication in mid-2007.

Enhanced Passive Surveillance of Human Clinical Isolates

The Enhanced Passive Surveillance of Human Clinical Isolates component is designed to provide representative data on Salmonella isolates at the provincial level. To ensure statistically valid sampling, all human Salmonella isolates (outbreak and non-outbreak) received by the provincial public health laboratories in New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan are forwarded to the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba. More populated provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Québec) forward isolates received from the first to the 15th of each month. In addition, all human isolates of S. Newport and S. Typhi are forwarded to the National Microbiology Laboratory because of concerns of emerging multi-drug resistance and clinical importance respectively. Please see the link to our past annual reports for a listing of all participating laboratories (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cipars-picra/index.html).

In 2005, provincial public health laboratories forwarded a total of 3416 Salmonella isolates to the National Microbiology Laboratory for phage typing and susceptibility testing, of which 133 isolates were classified as being related to an outbreak of S. Enteritidis in Ontario. All but one of these outbreak-related isolates were excluded and analysis was conducted on 3284 Salmonella isolates.

Note: In Canada, while there are legislative requirements to report all new cases of salmonellosis to local and provincial public health authorities, forwarding of isolates from these cases by local laboratories is voluntary. When interpreting CIPARS data, it should be noted that most but not all isolates from reported cases are sent to provincial public health laboratories for reference testing. The total number of Salmonella isolates by serovar must be considered when interpreting the proportion of resistant isolates. Other limitations of passive surveillance data include disease under-diagnosing and under-reporting, which can lead to underestimating the true incidence of salmonellosis cases.

Active Abattoir Surveillance (bovine, chickens and swine)

The Active Abattoir Surveillance component is designed to provide nationally representative antimicrobial resistance data from bacteria isolated from animals entering the food chain. We sample caecal contents of slaughtered food-producing animals, as caecal contents more accurately reflect the farm of origin of the animal than carcass samples exposed to cross-contamination. This program began in September 2002. Initially, we targeted E. coli and Salmonella from beef cattle, swine, and broiler chicken. Program refinement since 2002 has included the discontinuation of Salmonella isolation from beef cattle due to low prevalence (less than one percent) and the addition of Campylobacter isolation from beef cattle in September of 2005.

Over 90% of all food-producing animals in Canada are slaughtered in federally inspected abattoirs. Fifty-four federally inspected slaughter plants (28 poultry plants, 18 swine plants, and 8 beef cattle plants) from across Canada participated in the 2005 CIPARS abattoir component. Veal is excluded from our actual sampling program. The “Beef Cattle” dataset may include a small number of samples from dairy cattle, as a small number of plants slaughter both commodities.

Our collection periods are uniformly distributed over a 12-month course to avoid any potential seasonal bias in bacteria prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility. Our sampling program is designed to yield approximately 150 isolates per targeted bacterial and animal species per year across Canada. Please refer to our 2004 Annual Report for more information regarding the design of the sampling plan. All samples are shipped to the Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec to be processed.

Active Retail Meat Surveillance (beef, chicken, and pork)

The objective of our Active Retail Meat Surveillance component is to examine antimicrobial resistance of selected bacteria found in raw meat at retail. Retail sampling provides a measure of human exposure to antimicrobial resistant bacteria via undercooked meat consumption or cross-contamination with raw meat products. In 2005, we collected samples in Ontario, Québec, and Saskatchewan.

We are interested in bacterial isolates cultured from specific meat products commonly consumed by Canadians, and these products mirror the commodities sampled in our Active Abattoir Surveillance program and our developing On-Farm Surveillance program. We sample poultry (chicken legs or wings), pork (shoulder chops), and beef (ground beef). For ground beef, we systematically select samples from extra lean, lean, and regular ground beef to reflect the heterogeneity of this product in terms of the commodity combinations of fed beef and cull dairy, and the domestic vs. imported meat content.

The bacteria of interest in poultry are Campylobacter, Salmonella, Enterococcus , and Escherichia coli. In pork and beef we only isolate E. coli, since there is a low prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella (less than three percent each) at retail in these commodities, as determined during the early phase of the program.

The sampling protocol involves continuous weekly sample submissions from randomly selected census divisions, weighted by population, in each of the tested provinces. Using prevalence estimates from the previous year, our sampling protocols are designed to yield approximately 100 isolates per commodity per province per year, plus 20% for lost or damaged samples. Please see our previous annual reports for further sampling details (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cipars-picra/index_e.html). Our 2005 Annual Report will additionally include our sampling strategy for Saskatchewan.

Note: We do not annually collect 100 Salmonella isolates for retail chicken as the prevalence of Salmonella varies between 7 and 16% and resources to expand our sampling capacity are not available at this point in time. Resource constraints also limit our sampling in Saskatchewan to half of the sampling size in Ontario and Québec.

Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates (bovine, chickens, swine and turkeys)

Passive Surveillance of Animal clinical Isolates component originate primarily from veterinary diagnostic submissions collected by veterinarians and/or producers. These isolates are sent by provincial animal health laboratories across the country to the Salmonella Typing Laboratory at the Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses (Guelph, Ontario), where they are serotyped, susceptibility tested, and some additionally phagetyped. Isolates from Québec are serotyped by the Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale du Québec before being shipped. Please see our 2004 annual report for a listing of participating animal health laboratories (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cipars-picra/index.html).

Note: We receive isolates from all provinces. Unlike our Enhanced Passive Surveillance of Human Clinical Isolates program, all isolates received by provincial animal health laboratories may not necessarily be forwarded to the Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, with the exception of the provinces of Ontario and Québec. Coverage may therefore vary considerably between provinces. Most samples are obtained from diseased animals and sample submissions may have followed therapeutic failure. Generally, these animals do not enter the food chain. For these reasons, estimates from these animal isolates are not appropriate for evaluating general human exposure to antimicrobial resistance. Information from these animal isolates is however valuable for detecting emerging resistance patterns, identifying new multi-drug resistance patterns, and assessing the occurrence of resistance in sick animals. Multi-drug resistance patterns will be presented in the final full report.

CIPARS 2005 Preliminary Results

Table of Contents

• About CIPARS 2005 Preliminary Results
  • Enhanced Passive Surveillance of Human Clinical Isolates
  • Active Abattoir Surveillance
  • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
  • Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Humans
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella
    • Enhanced Passive Surveillance of Human Clinical Isolates
• Chickens
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella
    • Active Abattoir Surveillance
    • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
    • Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli
    • Active Abattoir Surveillance
    • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter
    • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus
    • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
• Swine
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella
    • Active Abattoir Surveillance
    • Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli
    • Active Abattoir Surveillance
    • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
• Bovine
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella
    • Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli
    • Active Abattoir Surveillance
    • Active Retail Meat Surveillance
• Turkeys
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella
    • Passive Surveillance of Animal Clinical Isolates

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