Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective

Table of contents

• Editorial board members
• Scientific reviewers
• Acknowledgements
• A few words from the Chief Public Health Officer
• Report highlights
  • Chapter 1 – The burden of diabetes in Canada
  • Chapter 2 – The health impact of diabetes on Canadians
  • Chapter 3 – The health system and economic impact of diabetes
  • Chapter 4 – Reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and its complications
  • Chapter 5 – Diabetes in children and youth
  • Chapter 6 – Diabetes among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations
• Introduction – Diabetes surveillance in Canada
  • Defining diabetes
    • Impact on human physiology
    • Types of diabetes
    • Diagnosing diabetes
  • The diabetes surveillance system
  • Reference list
• Chapter 1 – The burden of diabetes in Canada
  • Introduction
  • Diabetes prevalence
    • Prevalence by age
    • Prevalence by province/territory
    • Prevalence over time
  • Undiagnosed diabetes
  • Diabetes incidence
    • Incidence by age
    • Incidence by province/territory
    • Incidence over time
  • Diabetes in the world
  • Looking ahead
  • Reference list
• Chapter 2 – The health impact of diabetes on Canadians
  • Introduction
  • Managing diabetes and its complications
    • Medication use
  • Complications associated with diabetes
    • Cardiovascular disease
    • Eye disease (diabetic retinopathy, cataracts and glaucoma)
    • Kidney disease (nephropathy)
    • Nerve damage (neuropathy)
    • Lower extremity complications and amputation
    • Complications during pregnancy
    • Oral disease (gingivitis, periodontitis)
    • Mental illness
    • Other conditions
  • The impact on quality of life
    • Self-rated health status
  • Mortality trends associated with diabetes
  • Looking ahead
  • Reference list
• Chapter 3 – The health system and economic impact of diabetes
  • Introduction
  • Health service utilization
  • Economic costs of diabetes
    • Limitations of economic data
    • Total costs of diabetes
    • Direct costs of diabetes
    • Indirect costs of diabetes
  • Looking ahead
  • Reference list
• Chapter 4 – Reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and its complications
  • Introduction
  • Key modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes
    • Overweight and obesity
    • Physical inactivity
    • Unhealthy eating
    • Tobacco smoking
  • Populations at risk for type 2 diabetes
    • Individuals with pre-diabetes
    • Individuals with metabolic syndrome
    • Women with gestational diabetes
    • Individuals with a mental illness
  • Key non-modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes
    • Ethnicity
    • Immigration
  • Social and environmental factors influencing overweight and obesity
    • The determinants of health
    • Socio-demographic factors
    • The built environment
  • Interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes
  • Looking ahead
  • Reference list
• Chapter 5 – Diabetes in children and youth
  • Introduction
  • Type 1 diabetes
    • Risk factors for type 1 diabetes
    • Short- and long-term complications of type 1 diabetes
    • Management strategies for children and youth with type 1 diabetes
  • Type 2 diabetes
    • Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
    • Short- and long-term complications of type 2 diabetes
    • Management strategies for children and youth with type 2 diabete
  • Limitations of diabetes surveillance in children and youth
  • Looking ahead
  • Reference list
• Chapter 6 – Diabetes among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations
  • Introduction
  • Limitations of diabetes surveillance in First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations
  • Diabetes prevalence
    • Prevalence by age
    • Prevalence by sex
    • Prevalence by region
    • Prevalence over time
  • Risk factors for diabetes
    • Genetic risk factors
    • Biological risk factors
    • Environmental risk factors
    • Lifestyle risk factors
  • Complications associated with diabetes
  • Health service utilization
  • Direct costs of diabetes for First Nations individuals
  • The Aboriginal Diabetes Initiative
  • Looking ahead
  • Reference list
• Closing words
• List of acronyms
• Glossary
• Comments and requests

List of figures

Chapter 1

• Figure 1-1. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 1-2. Age-standardized prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by province/territory, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 1-3. Age-standardized prevalence and number of cases of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, Canada, 1998/99 to 2008/09
• Figure 1-4. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by age group, Canada, 1998/99 to 2008/09
• Figure 1-5. Incidence rates of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 1-6. Age-standardized incidence rates of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by province/territory, Canada, 1998/99 to 2008/09
• Figure 1-7. Age-standardized incidence rates and number of incident cases of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, Canada, 1998/99 to 2008/09
• Figure 1-8. Prevalence of diabetes among individuals aged 20 to 79 years, Europe, North America and Oceania, 2010

Chapter 2

• Figure 2-1. Number of units of diabetes medications, by medication type, Canada, 2005 to 2009
• Figure 2-2. Prevalence rate ratios of complications among hospitalized individuals aged 20 years and older, by diabetes status, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 2-3. Number of incident cases of end-stage renal disease, by primary diagnosis, Canada, 2000 to 2009
• Figure 2-4. Rate of preterm birth, small-for-gestational age, and macrosomia, by maternal diabetes status, Canada, 2006/07
• Figure 2-5. Prevalence and rate ratios of self-reported health as "fair" or "poor" among individuals aged 20 years and older, by age group and diabetes status, Canada, 2009- 2010
• Figure 2-6. All-cause mortality rates and rate ratios among individuals aged 20 years and older, by diabetes status, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 2-7. Life expectancy (LE) and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) among individuals from birth and older, by age group, sex, and diabetes status, Canada, 2004/05 to 2006/07

Chapter 3

• Figure 3-1. Rate ratios of visits to family physicians among individuals aged one year and older, by age group, sex, and diabetes status, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 3-2. Rate ratios of visits to specialists among individuals aged one year and older, by age group, sex, and diabetes status, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 3-3. Rate ratios of hospitalizations among individuals aged one year and older, by age group, sex, and diabetes status, Canada, 2008/09
• Figure 3-4. Components of total, direct, and indirect costs of diabetes
• Figure 3-5. Annual per capita health care costs of diabetes cases diagnosed in 1992, Saskatchewan, 1991 to 2001

Chapter 4

• Figure 4-1. Prevalence of self-reported overweight and obesity among individuals aged 18 years and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-2. Age-standardized prevalence of self-reported overweight and obesity among individuals aged 18 years and older, by province/territory, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-3. Prevalence of obesity (measured, self-reported, and estimated) among individuals aged 18 years and older, Canada, 1978 to 2009-2010
• Figure 4-4. Distribution of self-reported body mass index (BMI) among individuals aged 18 years and older, by diabetes status, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-5. Rate ratios of self-reported diabetes among individuals aged 18 years and older who were overweight and obese versus normal weight, by age group and sex, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-6. Prevalence of self-reported physical inactivity among individuals aged 12 years and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-7. Age-standardized prevalence of self-reported physical inactivity among individuals aged 12 years and older, by province/territory, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-8. Prevalence of self-reported inadequate vegetable and fruit consumption among individuals aged 12 years and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-9. Age-standardized prevalence of self-reported inadequate vegetable and fruit consumption among individuals aged 12 years and older, by province/territory, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-10. Age-standardized prevalence of self-reported daily tobacco smoking among individuals aged 18 years and older, by province/territory, Canada, 2009-2010
• Figure 4-11. Age-standardized prevalence of self-reported daily tobacco smoking among individuals aged 12 years and older, by sex, Canada, 2003 to 2010

Chapter 6

• Figure 6-1. Proportion of adverse complications among First Nations individuals on-reserve aged 18 years and older with self-reported diabetes, by number of complications, Canada, 2002-2003
• Figure 6-2. Prevalence of adverse complications among First Nations individuals on-reserve aged 18 years and older with self-reported diabetes, Canada, 2008-2010

List of tables

Chapter 1

• Table 1-1. Prevalence and number of cases of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2008/09
• Table 1-2. Incidence rates and number of incident cases of diagnosed diabetes among individuals aged one year and older, by age group and sex, Canada, 2008/09

Chapter 2

• Table 2-1. Proportion and number of diabetes medications among individuals aged 12 years and older with self-reported diabetes, by age group and medication type, Canada, 2009-2010

Chapter 4

• Table 4-1. Proportion of exceeded cut points for metabolic syndrome among individuals aged 20 years and older, by sex and measure, Canada, 2007-2009
• Table 4-2. Prevalence of self-reported modifiable risk factors among individuals aged 20 years and older, by race/ethnicity, Canada, 2009-2010
• Table 4-3. Prevalence of self-reported modifiable risk factors among individuals aged 20 years and older, by income quintile, Canada, 2009-2010
• Table 4-4. Prevalence of self-reported modifiable risk factors among individuals aged 20 years and older, by education level, Canada, 2009-2010
• Table 4-5. Prevalence of self-reported modifiable risk factors among individuals aged 20 years and older, by rural/urban residence, Canada, 2009-2010

Chapter 6

• Table 6-1. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis individuals aged 12 years and older, Canada, 2006, 2008-2010, 2009-2010
• Table 6-2. Crude prevalence of self-reported overweight and obesity among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis individuals aged 18 years and older, Canada, 2008-2010, 2009-2010
• Table 6-3. Crude prevalence of self-reported daily tobacco smoking among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis individuals aged 18 years and older, Canada, 2008-2010, 2009-2010

List of boxes

Introduction

• Box I-1. Main forms of diabetes
• Box I-2. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes
• Box I-3. National data sources and limitations

Chapter 4

• Box 4-1. Body mass index
• Box 4-2. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

Chapter 6

• Box 6-1. National data sources on the health of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations

To obtain print copies or to submit comments about this report, please contact:

Chronic Disease Surveillance and Monitoring Division
Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
785 Carling Avenue, AL: 6806B
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9
Canada
E-mail: chronic.publications.chronique@phac-aspc.gc.ca