Endnotes

1. P. D. Sampson, A. Streissguth, F. Bookstein, R. Little, S. Clarren, P. Dehaene, J. Hanson and J. Graham Jr., "Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder," Teratology, Vol. 56, No. 5, November 1997.

1. Anne Streissguth, "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities, 1997," quoted in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Hopeful Challenge for Children, Families and Communities, Health Promotion and Programs Branch, Alberta/Northwest Territories Region, Health Canada, 1998.
   
2. C. C. Ernst et. al., "Intervention with high-risk alcohol and drug abusing mothers: Three year findings from the Seattle model of paraprofessional advocacy, 1999," quoted in Best Practices: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects and the Effects of other Substance Use During Pregnancy, Health Canada, Ottawa, 2000.
   
3. S. K. Clarren, "The Development of FAS-Diagnostic and Prevention Network, A practical approach to FAS identification, treatment and primary prevention, 1999," quoted in Best Practices: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects and the Effects of Other Substance Use During Pregnancy, Health Canada, Ottawa, 2000.
   
4. J. L. Nanson, "Binge drinking during pregnancy: Who are the women at risk? 1997," quoted in Best Practices: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects and the Effects of other Substance Use During Pregnancy, Health Canada, Ottawa, 2000.
   
5. The Assembly of First Nations, Presentation to the Standing Committee on Health and Welfare, Social Affairs, Seniors and the Status of Women, 1992, quoted in Marilyn Van Bibber, FAS Amongst Aboriginal Communities in Canada: A Review of the Existing Epidemiological Research and Current Preventative and Intervention Approaches, For Seven Generations: An Information Legacy of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (CD-ROM), Libraxus, 1997.
   
6. Health Canada, Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System - Alcohol and Pregnancy, Health Canada, Ottawa, 1998.
   
7. K. Huebert and C. Raftis, "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Other Alcohol-Related Birth Defects, 1996," quoted in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Hopeful Challenge for Children, Families and Communities, Health Promotion and Programs Branch, Alberta/Northwest Territories Region, Health Canada, 1998.

1. Manitoba Child and Youth Secretariat, Strategy Considerations for Developing Services for Children and Youth, Manitoba Child and Youth Secretariat, 1997.
   
2. This calculation assumes an average life span of 60 years for a person with FAS. Although no average life span was found in the literature on FAS, it was noted that FAS subjects in studies never exceeded 60 years of age, and that living with FAS makes a person more vulnerable to violence, suicide and early death.
   
3. A. Streissguth, H. Barr, J. Kogan and F. Bookstein, "Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), 1996," quoted in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Implications for Correctional Services, Correctional Services Canada, 1998.
   
4. National Crime Prevention Centre, Incarceration in Canada, National Crime Prevention Centre, Ottawa, 1999.

1. Health Canada, Best Practices: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects and the Effects of Other Substance Use During Pregnancy, Health Canada, Ottawa, 2000.
   
2. Ibid.
   
3. Ibid.
   
4. Ibid.
   
5. Ann Streissguth, "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities, 1997," quoted in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Hopeful Challenge for Children, Families and Communities, Health Canada, Calgary, 1998.

 

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