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Reference notes

1.   World Health Organization (1975).
2.   Health Canada (1998). A report from consultations on a framework for sexual and reproductive health.
3.   For many of those working in the field of sexual and reproductive health, the term "sexually transmitted disease" is not just a clinical designation, but also implies judgement and is value laden and stigmatizing. The term, "sexually transmitted infection," is considered to be more neutral, and conducive to sexuality-positive attitudes. For this reason, the term "sexually transmitted infections" (STI) rather than "sexually transmitted diseases" (STD) is used throughout the report.
4.   Federal/Provincial/Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health (1994).
5.   Tables are based on information from the most recent year for which most of the figures were available for all four provinces. In certain cases, more recent data were available from some provinces but could not be compared with the other provinces for one reason or another. Methods of data collection may vary from province to province, and in some provinces certain data are not collected (e.g., pregnancies ending in abortion in Prince Edward Island).
6.   STIs can be reported only if they are tested for. It is not uncommon for doctors to treat suspected STIs on clinical grounds, without actually testing and reporting. As well, test results (and therefore, reported cases) are influenced by sampling and laboratory techniques. The significance of these factors is difficult to estimate, but they should be borne in mind when interpreting results.
7.   Health Canada (1998). STD Epi Update.
8.   Bachmaier et. al. (1999).
9.   MacDonald et. al. (1998).
10.   Patrick (1997).
11.   Health Canada (1995). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance in Canada.
12.   Patrick (1997).
13.   Health Canada (1995). Ibid.
14.   Ibid.
15.   Nova Scotia Department of Health (1996). Technical report.
16.   Atlantic Student Drug Surveys: Poulin and Wilbur (1996), New Brunswick Department of Health and Community Services and Department of Education (1996), Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Social Services (1996), Newfoundland Department of Health (1996).
17.   McDonald (1998).
18.   Health Canada (1999) Laboratory Centre for Disease Control.
19.   Patrick (1997).
20.   Health Canada (1998). STD Epi Update
21.   Health Canada (1999) Laboratory Centre for Disease Control.
22.   Wadhera and Miller (1997).
23.   Federal/Provincial/Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health (1994).
24.   Wadhera and Miller (1997).
25.   New Brunswick Department of Health and Community Services (1998).
26.   Nault (1997).
27.   Miller, Strachan and Wadhera (1993).
28.   Nault (1997).
29.   Miller and Chan (1998).
30.   Nault (1997).
31.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS among Canadians.
32.   Frank (1996).
33.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS among men who have sex with men.
34.   Ibid.
35.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS among injection drug users in Canada.
36.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS among Canadians.
37.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS in Canada. Surveillance report.
38.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS among Aboriginal people in Canada.
39.   Atlantic First Nations AIDS Task Force (1999). Personal communication.
40.   Health Canada (1998). HIV and AIDS in Canada. Surveillance report.
41.   Ibid.
42.   Ibid.; Nova Scotia Department of Health (1999); Newfoundland Department of Health and Community Services (1999); Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Community Service (1999).
43.   Due to lags in reporting from the provinces, full year data for Canada as a whole in 1998 were not available at the time this report was being written.
44.   Health Canada (1998) Ibid.
45.   Status of Women Canada (1998).
46.   Statistics Canada (1994). The Violence Against Women Survey.
47.   National Clearinghouse on Family Violence (1997).
48.   Nova Scotia Department of Health (1996).
49.   Johnson (1995).
50.   Ibid.
51.   Ibid.
52.   Statistics Canada (1994).
53.   Johnson (1996).
54.   Johnson (1995).
55.   Health Canada (1999). The Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse.
56.   Statistics Canada (1997). Canadian crime statistics.
57.   Ibid.
58.   Johnson (1995).
59.   Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies (1993).
60.   Belanger (1998).
61.   McDonald (1998).
62.   As well, there are no estimates of infertility among lesbians (although lesbians may have been included in the Royal Commission surveys, which targeted "cohabiting women" between the ages of 18 and 44) or other sub-groups in the population.
63.   Wadhera and Miller (1997).
64.   Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Social Services (1999).
65.   The high rates of AIDS, STIs, and teenage pregnancies and abortions in Nova Scotia, relative to the other Atlantic provinces, may be due in part to some spillover of youth and other at-risk migrants from neighbouring provinces. Youth from outside and within the province are drawn to Halifax, particularly, in search of employment opportunities, a variety of services, and the youth culture and anonymity that a large city provides.
66.   Nova Scotia Department of Health (1994).
67.   Nova Scotia Department of Health (1998).
68.   Nova Scotia Department of Health (1994).
69.   New Brunswick Department of Health and Community Services (1998).
70.   Health Canada (1999). Taking action on population health.
71.   Edwards (1999).
72.   Health Canada (1994). Guidelines for sexual health education.
73.   These mechanisms, while not explicitly identified in the Framework document (with the exception of Advancing Knowledge), are frequently used means of achieving population health objectives. Advancing Knowledge (thorough research and information) and Public Policy are fundamental population health tools.
74.   In considering what may be missing from the activities in the scan, it is important to remember that this survey involves a selection of organizations in the Atlantic provinces. Some of the gaps identified in this discussion may not be gaps in the larger picture because organizations that are not included in the scan may be addressing these particular issues.
75.   The fact that there has been a dramatic drop in adolescent pregnancies in one Newfoundland community over the past few years is attributed by health officials to sexual health education which has changed norms among youth about "safe sex."

 

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